Abstracts:We propose Mini-MAC, a new message authentication protocol that works in existing automotive computer networks without delaying any message or increasing network traffic.

Abstracts:Wind-powered base stations and roadside units have been considered as a cost effective greening solution in windy countries which also have limited solar irradiation. The practicality of such a system increases significantly in sparse areas such as countryside and motorways. The deployment of standalone off-grid wind powered roadside units could alleviate the common issues related to grid connected renewable energy farms. Hence, there is need to study the feasibility of an off-grid wind powered roadside unit for seamless connectivity. Unlike the conventional usage of reliability analysis of fault-tolerant systems, in this paper, reliability is redefined in the context of availability of intermittent wind for powering a roadside unit (RSU) in a UK motorway vehicular environment. Transient analysis of energy consumption (energy demand) of the RSU and harnessed wind energy are carried out along with real measurements for developing respective generic energy models. Further, a generalised methodology is developed to determine the minimum battery size for achieving a certain reliability standard and quality of service. Several reliability indices such as loss of load probability (LOLP), loss of load expectation (LOLE), energy index of reliability (EIR), mean time between failures (MTBF), mean time to recovery (MTTR), forced outage rate (FOR), etc. are obtained for the RSU. The performance results reveal that with a standard micro-turbine and a reasonably small battery, an RSU achieves a good reliability of 99.9% with significant improvement in the quality of service.

Abstracts:In this paper, we propose energy efficient Information Piece Delivery (IPD) through Nano Servers (NSs) in a vehicular network. Information pieces may contain any data that needs to be communicated to a vehicle. The available power (renewable or non-renewable) for a NS is variable. As a result, the service rate of a NS varies linearly with the available energy within a given range. Our proposed system therefore exhibits energy aware rate adaptation (RA), which uses variable transmission energy. We have also developed another transmission energy saving method for comparison, where sleep cycles (SC) are employed. Both methods are compared against an acceptable download time. To reduce the operational energy, we first optimise the locations of the NSs by developing a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model, which takes into account the hourly variation of the traffic. The model is validated through a Genetic Algorithm (GA1). Furthermore, to reduce the gross delay over the entire vehicular network, the available renewable energy (wind farm) is optimally allocated to each NS according to piece demand. This, in turn, also reduces the network carbon footprint. A Genetic Algorithm (GA2) is also developed to validate the MILP results associated with this system. Through transmission energy savings, RA and SC further reduce the NSs energy consumption by 19% and 18% respectively, however at the expense of higher download time. MILP model 4 (with RA) and model 5 (with SC) reduced the delay by 81% and 83% respectively, while minimising the carbon footprint by 96% and 98% respectively, compared to the initial MILP model.

Abstracts:Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks (VDTNs) architecture was proposed to overcome some constraints faced by vehicular environments, more precisely, the highly dynamic network topology, disruption, and the absence of an end-to-end path between source and destination. Then, it uses a store-carry-and-forward paradigm based on asynchronous and a bundle-oriented communication between network nodes. To deal with the specific characteristics of vehicular environments, routing protocols proposed for wireless and ad hoc network must be adapted or new routing protocols should be designed. Usually, they are responsible for the entire self-managing of the entire network, which in certain cases may comprise the network performance. This paper presents and describes a resource management tool, called REMA, that aims to support routing protocols to minimize the consumption of network resources contributing to increase the overall network performance. This is achieved by a sophisticated scheduling approach that forwards bundles taking into account the best interests of a VDTN network. Performance evaluation studies conducted through simulation shown that REMA decreases the amount of wasted resources significantly, increases the bundle delivery ratio, and decreases the overhead ratio compared to scenarios where no additional action is performed to deal with resources consumption.

Abstracts:The recent rapid expansion of multimedia applications spectrum, ranging from infotainment to healthcare and mission-critical scenarios, has incited researchers from different disciplines to develop various tools and protocols to support such applications. Many people use multimedia data while they travel in different transportation means and thus they need various QoS levels based on the type of application they are running. Such data is usually transmitted through 3G/LTE networks; however, the unprecedented increase of multimedia data volume makes satisfying their requirements in terms of low delay and higher bandwidth a challenge. Many experts foresee that Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) technology can be an efficient offloading solution for 3G/LTE networks by providing cost-free and robust data exchange between cars as well as among their passengers. Although VANETs pave the way toward several novel safety and non-safety applications that promise enhanced driving security and comfort, they suffer from several issues due to their intrinsic features such as higher vehicles mobility, rapidly changing topology, etc. In this work, we propose an Enhanced version of AODV (En-AODV) protocol to deal with routes instability issue in VANETs. En-AODV leverages cross-layer information on the link quality combined with the knowledge of the final destination of the receiver vehicle to establish more stable routes. The obtained simulation results confirm the efficiency of En-AODV and highlight its supremacy over AODV under various metrics and scenarios. En-AODV has particularly proven its ability to establish stable routes while significantly reduce the overhead generated by control packets, freeing up the channel to carry more data packets.

Abstracts:Popular navigation services are used by drivers both to plan out routes and to optimally navigate real time road congestion in internet of vehicles (IoV). However, the navigation system (such as GPS navigation system) and apps (such as Waze) may not be possible for each individual user to avoid traffic without creating congestion on the clearer roads, and it might even be that such a recommendation leads to longer aggregate routes. To solve this dispersion, in this paper, we first apply a concept of virtual vehicle in IoV, which is an image of driver and vehicle. Then, we study a setting of non-atomic routing in a network of m parallel links with symmetry of information. While a virtual vehicle knows the cost function associated with links, they are known to the individual virtual vehicles choosing the link. The virtual vehicles adapt the cooperation approach via strategic concession game, trying to minimize the individual and total travel time. How much benefit of travel time by the virtual vehicles cooperating when vehicles follow the cooperation decisions? We study the concession ratio: the ratio between the concession equilibrium obtained from an individual optimum and the social optimum. We find that cooperation approach can reduce the efficiency loss compared to the non-cooperative Nash equilibrium. In particular, in the case of two links with affine cost functions, the concession ratio is at most 3/2. For general non-decrease cost functions, the concession ratio is at most 2. For the strategic concession game, the concession ratio can approach to 1 which is a significant improvement over the unbounded price of anarchy.

Abstracts:A parking lot based vehicular cloud is a cloud system where the resources are parked vehicles with onboard computing units. The dynamic and random process of vehicles joining and leaving a vehicular cloud results in a randomly changing number of available resources. This dynamic nature results in tasks assigned to departing resources to fail which reduces system efficiency. In this paper, we introduce a vehicular cloud model that considers multiple task request types and multiple resource capability types. We studied the performance of each type of user task request in tour model when using classical assignment policies, i.e. First Fit, Best Fit, and Last Fit. We also propose and investigate two techniques, task handoff and queueing, to increase the efficiency of the system and reduce the failure rate in the cloud. System simulation results show that the Last-Fit technique having the lowest task completion failure, while Best-Fit having the lowest task assignment failure. Simulations also show that hand off and queueing are very effective in increasing efficiency and reducing failure rates.

Abstracts:Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are receiving significant interest due to a wide variety of applications such as road safety, traffic efficiency and infotainment. To satisfy the diverse vehicular application requirements, this paper presents a detailed comparative performance simulation study over IEEE 802.11p, LTE and the proposed Heterogeneous (HetNet) IEEE 802.11p–LTE network for urban environments. Therefore, a hybrid handover algorithm is proposed, combining the IEEE 802.11p-based multihop clustering and the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks, with the goal of achieving a high data packet delivery ratio (PDR) and low delay. The COST-231 Walfisch–Ikegami propagation model is evaluated, incorporating 3D antenna radiation patterns measured in an Anechoic Chamber. The performance evaluation analysis is validated through VEINS–OMNeT++ network simulator over several performance metrics such as Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio, End-to-End Delay and SNIR Lost Packets for a variety of vehicle density and vehicle speed under both SISO and MIMO open loop $2\times 2$ Spatial Multiplexing (SM) scheme antenna techniques respectively. The results indicate that the HetNet 802.11p–LTE network is the most prominent solution in urban environments outperforming both IEEE 802.11p and LTE in terms of delay, reliability, and scalability, whereas LTE offers acceptable performance for sparse network topologies.

Abstracts:For effectively utilization of acquired resources in Autonomous Vehicle (AV), big data analysis in real time will be a reliable way to produce valuable information from sensor data. With the combined ability of telematics and real-time analysis, big data analytics forming the key drivers of autonomous cars. To emphasize the significant of data fusion or knowledge discovery, an efficient architecture has been proposed for real-time big data analysis in an autonomous vehicle, which indeed will keep pace with the latest trends and development with respect to emerging big data paradigm. The proposed architecture comprises distributed data storage mechanism for a streaming process for real-time analysis and the vehicular cloud server tool for batch processing the offline data. Furthermore, a workflow model has also been designed for big data architecture to examine streaming data in near real time process. Furthermore, an algorithm is developed for data classification in distributed storage unit, and mathematical modeling is carried to analysis the data classification functionality in AV. The proposed system model using Hadoop framework which is for the optimal utilization of the massive data set, meant for data classification in distributed environment for streaming data in real time, which is intended for intelligent transportation of the autonomous vehicle.