This study investigated how technology use impacts academic performance. A proposed model postulated that academic performance could be predicted by a cognitive independent variable-executive functioning problems-and an affective independent variable-technological anxiety or FOMO (fear of missing out)-mediated by how students choose to use technology. An unobtrusive smartphone application called “Instant Quantified Self” monitored daily smartphone unlocks and daily minutes of use. Other mediators included self-reported smartphone use, self-observed studying attention, self-reported multitasking preference, and a classroom digital metacognition tool that assessed the student’s ability to understand the ramifications of technology use in the classroom that is not relevant to the learning process. Two hundred sixteen participants collected an average of 56 days of “Instant” application data, demonstrating that their smartphone was unlocked more than 60 times a day for three to four minutes each time for a total of 220 daily minutes of use. Results indicated that executive functioning problems predicted academic course performance mediated by studying attention and a single classroom digital metacognition subscale concerning availability of strategies of when to use mobile phones during lectures. FOMO predicted performance directly as well as mediated by a second classroom digital metacognition concerning attitudes toward mobile phone use during lectures. Implications for college students and professors include increasing metacognition about technology use in the classroom and taking “tech breaks” to reduce technology anxiety.

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academic performance cognitive independent variableexecutive functioning smartphone use selfobserved classroom digital metacognition tool unobtrusive smartphone application mobile phones technology minutes attention selfreported multitasking daily smartphone unlocks missing executive functioning problems affective independent variabletechnological anxiety

Larry D. Rosen,L. Mark Carrier,Jonathan A. Pedroza,Stephanie Elias,Kaitlin M. O’Brien,Joshua Lozano, Karina Kim,Nancy A. Cheever,Jonathan Bentley,Abraham Ruiz,.The Role of Executive Functioning and Technological Anxiety (FOMO) in College Course Performance as Mediated by Technology Usage and Multitasking Habits. 24 (),.

Larry D. Rosen,L. Mark Carrier,Jonathan A. Pedroza,Stephanie Elias,Kaitlin M. O’Brien,Joshua Lozano, Karina Kim,Nancy A. Cheever,Jonathan Bentley,Abraham Ruiz,"The Role of Executive Functioning and Technological Anxiety (FOMO) in College Course Performance as Mediated by Technology Usage and Multitasking Habits" 24

Larry D. Rosen,L. Mark Carrier,Jonathan A. Pedroza,Stephanie Elias,Kaitlin M. O’Brien,Joshua Lozano, Karina Kim,Nancy A. Cheever,Jonathan Bentley,Abraham Ruiz,"The Role of Executive Functioning and Technological Anxiety (FOMO) in College Course Performance as Mediated by Technology Usage and Multitasking Habits"