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Comparing the effects of climate change labelling on reactions of the Taiwanese public
  1. 1.

    Hodder, P. & Martin, B. Climate Crisis? The Politics of Emergency Framing. Econ Political Wkly. 44, 53–60 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  2. 2.

    Archer, D. & Rahmstorf, S. The climate crisis: An introductory guide to climate change. (Cambridge University Press, 2010).

  3. 3.

    Crist, E. Beyond the climate crisis: a critique of climate change discourse. Telos 141, 29–55 (2007).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

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    IPCC. Global Warming of 1.5 oC. (IPCC, 2018).

  5. 5.

    Lenton, T. M. et al. Climate tipping points — too risky to bet against. Nature 575, 592–595 (2019).

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  6. 6.

    Carrington, D. Why the Guardian is changing the language it uses about the environment. The Guardian (2019). https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/17/why-the-guardian-is-changing-the-language-it-uses-about-the-environment.

  7. 7.

    Ripple, W. J., Wolf, C., Newsome, T. M., Barnard, P. & Moomaw, W. R. World Scientists’ Warning of a Climate Emergency. BioScience 70, 8–12 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  8. 8.

    Weber, E. U. What shapes perceptions of climate change? Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Clim. Change 1, 332–342 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  9. 9.

    Schuldt, J. P., Enns, P. K. & Cavaliere, V. Does the label really matter? Evidence that the US public continues to doubt “global warming” more than “climate change”. Clim. Change 143, 271–280 (2017).

    ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

  10. 10.

    Myers, T. A., Nisbet, M. C., Maibach, E. W. & Leiserowitz, A. A. A public health frame arouses hopeful emotions about climate change. Clim. Change 113, 1105–1112 (2012).

    ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

  11. 11.

    Scannell, L. & Gifford, R. Personally relevant climate change: The role of place attachment and local versus global message framing in engagement. Environ. Behav. 45, 60–85 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. 12.

    Whitmarsh, L. What’s in a name? Commonalities and differences in public understanding of “climate change” and “global warming”. Public Underst. Sci. 18, 401–420 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. 13.

    Villar, A. & Krosnick, J. A. Global warming vs. climate change, taxes vs. prices: Does word choice matter? Clim. Change 105, 1–12 (2011).

    ADS  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  14. 14.

    Lorenzoni, I., Leiserowitz, A., Doria, M. D. F., Poortinga, W. & Pidgeon, N. F. Cross-National Comparisons of Image Associations with “Global Warming” and “Climate Change” Among Laypeople in the United States of America and Great Britain1. J. Risk Res. 9, 265–281 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. 15.

    Leiserowitz, A. et al. What’s in a name? Global warming vs. climate change. (Yale Project on Climate Change Communication, 2014).

  16. 16.

    Benjamin, D., Por, H.-H. & Budescu, D. Climate change versus global warming: who is susceptible to the framing of climate change? Environ. Behav. 49, 745–770 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. 17.

    Schuldt, J. P., Konrath, S. H. & Schwarz, N. “Global warming” or “climate change”?Whether the planet is warming depends on question wording. Public Opin. Q 75, 115–124 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. 18.

    Schuldt, J. P. “Global Warming” versus “Climate Change” and the Influence of Labeling on Public Perceptions. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.309 (2016).

  19. 19.

    Schuldt, J. P. & Pearson, A. R. The role of race and ethnicity in climate change polarization: evidence from a U.S. national survey experiment. Clim. Change 136, 495–505 (2016).

    ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

  20. 20.

    Jaskulsky, L. & Besel, R. Words That (Don’t) Matter: an Exploratory Study of Four Climate Change Names in Environmental Discourse. Appl. Environ. Educ. Commun. 12, 38–45 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. 21.

    Kao, T.-S., Kao, H.-F. & Tsai, Y.-J. The context, status and challenges of environmental education in formal education in Taiwan. Jpn. J. Environ. Educ. 26, 15–20 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. 22.

    Zhang, Y. B., Lin, M.-C., Nonaka, A. & Beom, K. Harmony, Hierarchy and Conservatism: a Cross-Cultural Comparison of Confucian Values in China, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. Commun. Res. Rep. 22, 107–115 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. 23.

    Chiou, J.-S. Horizontal and Vertical Individualism and Collectivism Among College Students in the United States, Taiwan, and Argentina. J. Soc. Psychol. 141, 667–678 (2001).

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  24. 24.

    Lavallee, J. P., Di Giusto, B. & Yu, T.-Y. Collective responsibility framing also leads to mitigation behavior in East Asia: a replication study in Taiwan. Clim. Change 153, 423–438 (2019).

    ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

  25. 25.

    Giusto, B. D., Lavallee, J. P. & Yu, T.-Y. Towards an East Asian model of climate change awareness: a questionnaire study among university students in Taiwan. PLOS ONE 13, e0206298 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. 26.

    van der Linden, S. The social-psychological determinants of climate change risk perceptions: towards a comprehensive model. J. Environ. Psychol. 41, 112–124 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. 27.

    Pearson, A. R., Ballew, M. T., Naiman, S. & Schuldt, J. P. Race, Class, Gender and Climate Change Communication. in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science (Oxford University Press, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.412.

  28. 28.

    Brody, S., Grover, H. & Vedlitz, A. Examining the willingness of Americans to alter behaviour to mitigate climate change. Clim. Policy 12, 1–22 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. 29.

    Maibach, E. W., Leiserowitz, A., Roser-Renouf, C., Mertz, C. K. & Akerlof, K. Global Warming’s Six Americas screening tools: Survey instruments; instructions for coding and data treatment; and statistical program scripts. (Yale University and George Mason University. Yale Project on Climate Change Communication, 2011).

  30. 30.

    Wood, M. M. et al. Communicating Actionable Risk for Terrorism and Other Hazards: Communicating Actionable Risk. Risk Anal. 32, 601–615 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. 31.

    Goldberg, M. H., Linden, S., van der, Maibach, E. & Leiserowitz, A. Discussing global warming leads to greater acceptance of climate science. PNAS 116, 14804–14805 (2019).

    ADS  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  32. 32.

    Steg, L. & Sievers, I. Cultural theory and individual perceptions of environmental risks. Environ. Behav. 32, 250–269 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. 33.

    Lumley, T., Diehr, P., Emerson, S. & Chen, L. The Importance of the Normality Assumption in Large Public Health Data Sets. Annu. Rev. Public Health 23, 151–169 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. 34.

    Poncet, A., Courvoisier, D. S., Combescure, C. & Perneger, T. V. Normality and Sample Size Do Not Matter for the Selection of an Appropriate Statistical Test for Two-Group Comparisons. Methodology 12, 61–71 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. 35.

    Huang, Y. & Wang, L. Sex differences in framing effects across task domain. Personal. Individ. Differ. 48, 649–653 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. 36.

    Kahan, D. M., Braman, D., Gastil, J., Slovic, P. & Mertz, C. K. Culture and Identity-Protective. Cognition: Explaining White-Male Eff. Risk Percept. J. Empir. Leg. Stud. 4, 465–505 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  37. 37.

    Hung, L.-S. & Bayrak, M. M. Wives influence climate change mitigation behaviours in married-couple households: insights from Taiwan. Environ. Res. Lett. 14, 124034 (2019).

    ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

  38. 38.

    West, J., Bailey, I. & Winter, M. Renewable energy policy and public perceptions of renewable energy: a cultural theory approach. Energy Policy 38, 5739–5748 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. 39.

    Wu, M. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions 30 years later: a study of Taiwan and the United States. Intercultural Commun. Stud. 15, 33–42 (2006).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. 40.

    Wilson, R. S., Herziger, A., Hamilton, M. & Brooks, J. S. From incremental to transformative adaptation in individual responses to climate-exacerbated hazards. Nat. Clim. Chang. 1–9 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0691-6.

  41. 41.

    Şimşekoğlu, Ö. et al. Risk perceptions, fatalism and driver behaviors in Turkey and Iran. Saf. Sci. 59, 187–192 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. 42.

    Xue, W., Hine, D. W., Loi, N. M., Thorsteinsson, E. B. & Phillips, W. J. Cultural worldviews and environmental risk perceptions: a meta-analysis. J. Environ. Psychol. 40, 249–258 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. 43.

    Xue, W., Hine, D. W., Marks, A. D. G., Phillips, W. J. & Zhao, S. Cultural worldviews and climate change: a view from China. Asian J. Soc. Psychol. 19, 134–144 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. 44.

    Maibach, E. W., Leiserowitz, A., Roser-Renouf, C. & Mertz, C. K. Identifying Like-Minded Audiences for Global Warming Public Engagement Campaigns: an Audience Segmentation Analysis and Tool Development. PLOS ONE 6, e17571 (2011).

    ADS  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  45. 45.

    Moser, S. C. Communicating climate change: history, challenges, process and future directions: Communicating climate change. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Clim. Change 1, 31–53 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  46. 46.

    Whitmarsh, L. Are flood victims more concerned about climate change than other people? The role of direct experience in risk perception and behavioural response. J. Risk Res. 11, 351–374 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. 47.

    Demski, C., Capstick, S., Pidgeon, N., Sposato, R. G. & Spence, A. Experience of extreme weather affects climate change mitigation and adaptation responses. Clim. Change 140, 149–164 (2017).

    ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

  48. 48.

    Kahneman, D. Thinking, fast and slow. (FSG, 2011).

  49. 49.

    Tucker, C., Brick, J. M. & Meekins, B. Household Telephone Service and Usage Patterns in the United states in 2004: implications for Telephone Samples. Public Opin. Q 71, 3–22 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. 50.

    IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. (IBM Corp., 2015).

  51. 51.

    Field, A. Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. (Sage, 2013).

Original Text (This is the original text for your reference.)

  1. 1.

    Hodder, P. & Martin, B. Climate Crisis? The Politics of Emergency Framing. Econ Political Wkly. 44, 53–60 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  2. 2.

    Archer, D. & Rahmstorf, S. The climate crisis: An introductory guide to climate change. (Cambridge University Press, 2010).

  3. 3.

    Crist, E. Beyond the climate crisis: a critique of climate change discourse. Telos 141, 29–55 (2007).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. 4.

    IPCC. Global Warming of 1.5 oC. (IPCC, 2018).

  5. 5.

    Lenton, T. M. et al. Climate tipping points — too risky to bet against. Nature 575, 592–595 (2019).

    ADS  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  6. 6.

    Carrington, D. Why the Guardian is changing the language it uses about the environment. The Guardian (2019). https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/17/why-the-guardian-is-changing-the-language-it-uses-about-the-environment.

  7. 7.

    Ripple, W. J., Wolf, C., Newsome, T. M., Barnard, P. & Moomaw, W. R. World Scientists’ Warning of a Climate Emergency. BioScience 70, 8–12 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  8. 8.

    Weber, E. U. What shapes perceptions of climate change? Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Clim. Change 1, 332–342 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  9. 9.

    Schuldt, J. P., Enns, P. K. & Cavaliere, V. Does the label really matter? Evidence that the US public continues to doubt “global warming” more than “climate change”. Clim. Change 143, 271–280 (2017).

    ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

  10. 10.

    Myers, T. A., Nisbet, M. C., Maibach, E. W. & Leiserowitz, A. A. A public health frame arouses hopeful emotions about climate change. Clim. Change 113, 1105–1112 (2012).

    ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

  11. 11.

    Scannell, L. & Gifford, R. Personally relevant climate change: The role of place attachment and local versus global message framing in engagement. Environ. Behav. 45, 60–85 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. 12.

    Whitmarsh, L. What’s in a name? Commonalities and differences in public understanding of “climate change” and “global warming”. Public Underst. Sci. 18, 401–420 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. 13.

    Villar, A. & Krosnick, J. A. Global warming vs. climate change, taxes vs. prices: Does word choice matter? Clim. Change 105, 1–12 (2011).

    ADS  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  14. 14.

    Lorenzoni, I., Leiserowitz, A., Doria, M. D. F., Poortinga, W. & Pidgeon, N. F. Cross-National Comparisons of Image Associations with “Global Warming” and “Climate Change” Among Laypeople in the United States of America and Great Britain1. J. Risk Res. 9, 265–281 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. 15.

    Leiserowitz, A. et al. What’s in a name? Global warming vs. climate change. (Yale Project on Climate Change Communication, 2014).

  16. 16.

    Benjamin, D., Por, H.-H. & Budescu, D. Climate change versus global warming: who is susceptible to the framing of climate change? Environ. Behav. 49, 745–770 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. 17.

    Schuldt, J. P., Konrath, S. H. & Schwarz, N. “Global warming” or “climate change”?Whether the planet is warming depends on question wording. Public Opin. Q 75, 115–124 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. 18.

    Schuldt, J. P. “Global Warming” versus “Climate Change” and the Influence of Labeling on Public Perceptions. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.309 (2016).

  19. 19.

    Schuldt, J. P. & Pearson, A. R. The role of race and ethnicity in climate change polarization: evidence from a U.S. national survey experiment. Clim. Change 136, 495–505 (2016).

    ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

  20. 20.

    Jaskulsky, L. & Besel, R. Words That (Don’t) Matter: an Exploratory Study of Four Climate Change Names in Environmental Discourse. Appl. Environ. Educ. Commun. 12, 38–45 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. 21.

    Kao, T.-S., Kao, H.-F. & Tsai, Y.-J. The context, status and challenges of environmental education in formal education in Taiwan. Jpn. J. Environ. Educ. 26, 15–20 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. 22.

    Zhang, Y. B., Lin, M.-C., Nonaka, A. & Beom, K. Harmony, Hierarchy and Conservatism: a Cross-Cultural Comparison of Confucian Values in China, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. Commun. Res. Rep. 22, 107–115 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. 23.

    Chiou, J.-S. Horizontal and Vertical Individualism and Collectivism Among College Students in the United States, Taiwan, and Argentina. J. Soc. Psychol. 141, 667–678 (2001).

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  24. 24.

    Lavallee, J. P., Di Giusto, B. & Yu, T.-Y. Collective responsibility framing also leads to mitigation behavior in East Asia: a replication study in Taiwan. Clim. Change 153, 423–438 (2019).

    ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

  25. 25.

    Giusto, B. D., Lavallee, J. P. & Yu, T.-Y. Towards an East Asian model of climate change awareness: a questionnaire study among university students in Taiwan. PLOS ONE 13, e0206298 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. 26.

    van der Linden, S. The social-psychological determinants of climate change risk perceptions: towards a comprehensive model. J. Environ. Psychol. 41, 112–124 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. 27.

    Pearson, A. R., Ballew, M. T., Naiman, S. & Schuldt, J. P. Race, Class, Gender and Climate Change Communication. in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science (Oxford University Press, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.412.

  28. 28.

    Brody, S., Grover, H. & Vedlitz, A. Examining the willingness of Americans to alter behaviour to mitigate climate change. Clim. Policy 12, 1–22 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. 29.

    Maibach, E. W., Leiserowitz, A., Roser-Renouf, C., Mertz, C. K. & Akerlof, K. Global Warming’s Six Americas screening tools: Survey instruments; instructions for coding and data treatment; and statistical program scripts. (Yale University and George Mason University. Yale Project on Climate Change Communication, 2011).

  30. 30.

    Wood, M. M. et al. Communicating Actionable Risk for Terrorism and Other Hazards: Communicating Actionable Risk. Risk Anal. 32, 601–615 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. 31.

    Goldberg, M. H., Linden, S., van der, Maibach, E. & Leiserowitz, A. Discussing global warming leads to greater acceptance of climate science. PNAS 116, 14804–14805 (2019).

    ADS  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  32. 32.

    Steg, L. & Sievers, I. Cultural theory and individual perceptions of environmental risks. Environ. Behav. 32, 250–269 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. 33.

    Lumley, T., Diehr, P., Emerson, S. & Chen, L. The Importance of the Normality Assumption in Large Public Health Data Sets. Annu. Rev. Public Health 23, 151–169 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. 34.

    Poncet, A., Courvoisier, D. S., Combescure, C. & Perneger, T. V. Normality and Sample Size Do Not Matter for the Selection of an Appropriate Statistical Test for Two-Group Comparisons. Methodology 12, 61–71 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. 35.

    Huang, Y. & Wang, L. Sex differences in framing effects across task domain. Personal. Individ. Differ. 48, 649–653 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. 36.

    Kahan, D. M., Braman, D., Gastil, J., Slovic, P. & Mertz, C. K. Culture and Identity-Protective. Cognition: Explaining White-Male Eff. Risk Percept. J. Empir. Leg. Stud. 4, 465–505 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  37. 37.

    Hung, L.-S. & Bayrak, M. M. Wives influence climate change mitigation behaviours in married-couple households: insights from Taiwan. Environ. Res. Lett. 14, 124034 (2019).

    ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

  38. 38.

    West, J., Bailey, I. & Winter, M. Renewable energy policy and public perceptions of renewable energy: a cultural theory approach. Energy Policy 38, 5739–5748 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. 39.

    Wu, M. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions 30 years later: a study of Taiwan and the United States. Intercultural Commun. Stud. 15, 33–42 (2006).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. 40.

    Wilson, R. S., Herziger, A., Hamilton, M. & Brooks, J. S. From incremental to transformative adaptation in individual responses to climate-exacerbated hazards. Nat. Clim. Chang. 1–9 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0691-6.

  41. 41.

    Şimşekoğlu, Ö. et al. Risk perceptions, fatalism and driver behaviors in Turkey and Iran. Saf. Sci. 59, 187–192 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. 42.

    Xue, W., Hine, D. W., Loi, N. M., Thorsteinsson, E. B. & Phillips, W. J. Cultural worldviews and environmental risk perceptions: a meta-analysis. J. Environ. Psychol. 40, 249–258 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. 43.

    Xue, W., Hine, D. W., Marks, A. D. G., Phillips, W. J. & Zhao, S. Cultural worldviews and climate change: a view from China. Asian J. Soc. Psychol. 19, 134–144 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. 44.

    Maibach, E. W., Leiserowitz, A., Roser-Renouf, C. & Mertz, C. K. Identifying Like-Minded Audiences for Global Warming Public Engagement Campaigns: an Audience Segmentation Analysis and Tool Development. PLOS ONE 6, e17571 (2011).

    ADS  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  45. 45.

    Moser, S. C. Communicating climate change: history, challenges, process and future directions: Communicating climate change. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Clim. Change 1, 31–53 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  46. 46.

    Whitmarsh, L. Are flood victims more concerned about climate change than other people? The role of direct experience in risk perception and behavioural response. J. Risk Res. 11, 351–374 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. 47.

    Demski, C., Capstick, S., Pidgeon, N., Sposato, R. G. & Spence, A. Experience of extreme weather affects climate change mitigation and adaptation responses. Clim. Change 140, 149–164 (2017).

    ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

  48. 48.

    Kahneman, D. Thinking, fast and slow. (FSG, 2011).

  49. 49.

    Tucker, C., Brick, J. M. & Meekins, B. Household Telephone Service and Usage Patterns in the United states in 2004: implications for Telephone Samples. Public Opin. Q 71, 3–22 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. 50.

    IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. (IBM Corp., 2015).

  51. 51.

    Field, A. Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. (Sage, 2013).

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